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Turkish Influence in the Balkans

1) Turkey’s Islamist Agenda in Kosovo (D.L. Phillips)
2) Erdogan Fulfilling His NeoOttoman Dream Through Bosnia (G. Carter) / MR. IZETBEGOVIC’S MEIN KAMPF
3) FLASHBACK: Il caso Cesur– Ikanovic– Bektasevic (2005-2006)


Vedi anche:

JIHAD DAL KOSOVO? CHE BELLA SCOPERTA... [JUGOINFO 1.12.2015]

IL RUOLO DELLA TURCHIA NELLA CRISI JUGOSLAVA (1999)


=== 1 ===


The World Begins to See (but after the damage was done)

by Grey Carter – December 31, 2015


Our minarets are our bayonets,Our domes are our helmets, Our mosques are our barracks.  We will put a final end to ethnic segregation. No one can ever intimidate us.  If the skies and the ground were to open against us,   If floods and volcanoes were to burst, We will not turn from our mission.  My reference is Islam.”  – Tayyip Regep Erdogan, then Mayor of Istanbul, 1997.

I was surprised by an honest article concerning the ressurection of one of the bloodiest states ever – the Ottoman empire in Balkans. The article/analysis  appeared in Huffington post, and, even though some figures have been reduced (i.e.  number of the newly built mosques throughout Kosovo i Metohija) the author hits the nail and breaks the taboo and grave silence concerning the true nature of the so called state (quasi state)  of Kosovo.
Unfortunately, the author, despite his prominece and experience, at the end has completely missed the  point.
Another twenty years  period and perhaps they will make right conclusions.
I guess.

Turkey’s Islamist Agenda in Kosovo

by David L. Phillips – 12.29.2015.

Turkey’s President Recep Tayyip Erdogan addressed an audience in Prizren during an official visit to Kosovo in October 2013: “We all belong to a common history, common culture, common civilization. We are the people who are brethren of that structure. Do not forget, Turkey is Kosovo, Kosovo is Turkey!”
Turkey’s foreign policy in the Balkans promotes a neo-Ottoman agenda, aimed at expanding its influence in former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey exports Islamism under the guise of cultural cooperation. It also seeks economic advantage, using business as leverage to consolidate its national interests.
The Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (TIKA) is a vehicle through which Turkey advances its ideological agenda. TIKA is the vanguard of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (AKP), which supports Muslim Brotherhood chapters around the world. TIKA runs a parallel and complementary foreign policy to official state institutions, coordinating with Turkey’s Ministry of Culture and the Presidency of Religious Affairs to promote the AKP’s Islamist agenda.
TIKA operates like a social welfare agency. In Kosovo, it supports more than 400 projects in the fields of agriculture, health and education. Affordable health care is offered in Kosovo at Turkish-run hospitals and clinics, sponsored by TIKA.
Despite its extensive activities, Zeri reports that the Central Bank of Kosovo has logged only 2.7 million Euros transferred by TIKA to its Kosovo account between 2009 and 2014. TIKA transfers most funds in cash with no official record. It does not want to draw attention to its activities.
Most TIKA funds are used to restore Ottoman monuments and build mosques. For example, TIKA supported restoration of the Sultan Murat Tomb in Kosovo. It rebuilt Ottoman religious sites like the Fatih Mosque and the Sinan Pasha Mosque, which cost 1.2 million Euros. Since 2011, TIKA has restored approximately 30 religious structures from the Ottoman period and 20 new mosques across Kosovo. Erdogan personally pledged funds to build the country’s biggest mosque in Pristina.
In addition, TIKA supports regional Islamic unions and institutions. It subsidizes community based social mobilization projects, which promote Islam. TIKA’s network of Muslim community leaders and imams, which includes imams from Turkey, actively promotes Islam. Its benevolence includes food for the Iftar meal during Ramadan, delivered to impressionable Kosovars (“Kosovars” is a global media invention to mark exclusively Albanians who have flooded Kosovo Metohija after the aggression on Serbia 1999.  – G. Carter) in poor rural areas.
TIKA also sponsors schools in Pristina, Prizren, Gjakova  Djakovica – Albanization of toponymes is a crime, (someone should have warn western journalists – G. Carter) , and Peja ( it’s Pec). Some schools provide Qur’anic instruction, as well as Turkish language instruction. As many as 20,000 Turks reside in Kosovo, where Turkish is an official language. The Turkish Embassy in Pristina awards 100 scholarships for Kosovars (i.e. – Albanians, again); to study in Turkey each year.
But not all schools supported by TIKA are part of the formal education sector. Some function like madrassas, offering Islamic education, thereby contributing to the radicalization of Kosovar  (i.e. Albanian) youth. The Government of Kosovo acknowledges that more than 300 Kosovars have joined the Islamic State in Syria. The figure dates back a couple of years. Today’s number may be much higher.
Yunus Emre Turkish Cultural Centers are also vehicles for Turkish influence. According to its charter, Yunus Emre Centers “provide services abroad to people who want to have education in the fields of Turkish language, culture and art, to improve the friendship between Turkey and other countries.”
Support for educational institutions is a propaganda tool to foster a positive impression of Turkey among Kosovars. Turkey’s Minister of Education visited Kosovo and publicly asked Kosovo institutions to change history texts in order to portray Ottomans as liberators, rather than as occupants and aggressors.
Erdogan asked the Government of Kosovo to close schools established by Fetullah Gulen, with whom he had a falling out. Kosovo officials acquiesced, though Gulen schools offered quality education to Kosovars.
Turkish businessmen also benefit from Turkey’s aggressive religious and cultural promotion. A well-respected Turkish scholar asks of the AKP, “Are they Islamists or just thieves with a religious rhetoric?”
Turkey is Kosovo’s largest trading partner, after Serbia. The trade volume between Turkey and Kosovo was 206.5 million Euros in 2012. (Export to Kosovo was 199.5 million Euros; import from Kosovo only 7 million Euro). Trade volume slightly decreased in 2013-14 due to an economic slowdown in the region.
Tenders for some of the biggest public projects in Kosovo have been won by Turkish companies. The Limak Holding Company won the concession to manage the Pristina International Airport. The Çalık-Limak Consortium also acquired the Kosovo Energy Distribution Services. Limak pledged to invest 300 million Euros in the transmission system, but its investment still has not materialized.
The Merdare-Morina highway connecting Kosovo to Albania was built by the Turkish construction company, Enka, in consortium with Bechtel. Çalik-Limak has just started construction of the Pristina-Hani Elezit highway between Kosovo and Macedonia.
The award of tenders may be subject to political influence. Çalik Holding and Limak are politically well-connected. Erdogan’s son-in-law is a major shareholder in Limak.
The Turkish banking system dominates the financial sector in Kosovo. A majority of Kosovo’s major banks are Turkish, including the Turkish Economic Bank (TEB).
More than 900 Turkish companies operate in Kosovo. About 7,000 Kosovars are employed by Turkish companies in, for example, the food processing and textile sectors. It is hard to be accepted or keep a job in a business where the owner is Turkish if you don’t speak Turkish.
Kadri Veseli, a prominent Kosovo politician, was a former critic of Turkish concerns acquiring Kosovo state enterprises. Veseli bemoaned Turkey’s penetration as bad for both Kosovo’s economy and its EU aspirations.
Since becoming Speaker of Kosovo’s Parliament, however, Vaseli has not said a word about Turkey’s economic dominance. He and other prominent Kosovo politicians, including Foreign Minister Hashim Thaci, have close ties to Erdogan, as well as Turkish business and political leaders.
Turkey has cemented its influence through security cooperation. Around 2,000 Turkish soldiers were deployed as part of the KFOR peacekeeping mission in 1999. There are still 350 Turkish soldiers in Pristina and Prizren. Turkey has indicated its willingness to assume control of Bondsteel, the US base in Kosovo, as US forces withdraw.
Turkey has also shown itself a reliable political partner. Ankara was reluctant to endorse Kosovo’s independence, lest a parallel be drawn with its Kurdish minority. However, Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Kosovo when it declared independence from Serbia in 2008. Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu’s notion of “strategic depth” views Turkey as a regional power and an alternative to the EU for countries like Kosovo. Muslim solidarity is the centerpiece of Davutoğlu’s strategy to expand Turkey’s influence.
Davutoğlu explicitly linked Turkey’s foreign policy to its Ottoman legacy during a trip to Bosnia-Herzegovina in 2009. “The Ottoman centuries of the Balkans were a success story. Now we have to reinvent this.” He announced, “Turkey is back.”
Faster integration into Euro-Atlantic institutions is the best antidote to Turkey’s influence in Kosovo and the Western Balkans. US interests would also be served through intensified engagement in the region.
Closer cooperation between the US and Kosovo would be a bulwark against Turkey’s export of Islamism. It would also prevent the further radicalization of Kosovo society, staunching the flow of Kosovars (i.e. Albanian invaders in Kosovo Metohija) to join ISIS.
Mr. Phillips is Director of the Program on Peace-building and Rights at Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights. He served as a Senior Adviser and Foreign Affairs Experts to the US Department of State during the Clinton, Bush, and Obama administrations. Phillips is author of “Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and US Intervention” (Kennedy School at Harvard University and NBC


=== 2 ===


Erdogan Fulfilling His NeoOttoman Dream Through Bosnia 

Posted on October 19, 2015 by Grey Carter

ERDOGAN: Alija left Bosnia to me to take care of –

Bosnia and Herzegovina today marks 12th anniversary of the death of former president Alija Izetbegovic, and on this occasion Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated that he “… with great respect recalls the “first and great leader of Bosnia and Herzegovina”.
– On the occasion of the 12th anniversary of his death, I remember with great respect and late first and great leader of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Alija Izetbegovic – wrote Erdogan on his Fb profile as it was quoted in Bosnia i Hercegovina.
Erdogan, in his earlier statement, said that Izetbegovic “despite all pressures, evil, assimilation attempts, has never gone out of his way.”
– In spite of years of life spent in prison, Alija did not abandon the fight for their country and people. The ability and leadership that he has shown during the last war in Bosnia and Herzegovina is ranked as one of the greatest statesmen of the 20th century and history – said Edrogan and reminded that the author of Islamic declaration had left “a legacy to him – to take care of BiH”.

Alija Izetbegovic was born on 8 August 1925 in Bosanski Samac. He was one of the founders of the Party of Democratic Action (SDA) in 1990. That same year he was elected member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and later was president of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in its place was from 1992 until 1995. On 19 October 2003, the Muslim Fundamentalist (or Islamist) leader, Alija Izetbegovic, age 78, died of heart failure. During the Bosnian war of the 1990s, European and Muslim governments and the US referred to Izetbegovic as the president of the so-called Bosnian government. 

MR. IZETBEGOVIC’S MEIN KAMPF
After so many Bosnian Muslims continuosly support and join ISIS and other similar organizations, i.e. Muslim brotherhood, Jabhat al Nusra, many (mostly American and Western in general) nations seemed sursprised.
How, on Earth, one so great nation that has been supported, a new nation that enjoyed every possible aid from the West, turned to be so hateful towards those who were ready to kill Christians in the middle of Europe in order to support them?
Only those naive and  kept in dark by mainstream media could be surprised. Neither Bosnian muslims were the victims, nor Bosnian war was a fight for freedom nor against some Serbian aggression as it has been media – portrayed for decades.
President Alija Izetbegovic’s Islamic Declaration, first published in 1970 when it earned him a prison sentence, demanded a fully-fundamentalist Muslim state in Bosnia without scope for non-Muslim institutions or any division between religion, politics, and economics. The book was republished in 1990 in Sarajevo (by Mala Muslimanska Biblioteka). It scathingly attacks Attaturk’s reforms and holds up Pakistan as a model to be followed.
“… Do we want the Muslim nations to cease moving in circles, to stop being dependent, backward and poverty-stricken;
do we want them to once again with a sure step climb the road of dignity and enlightment and to become masters of their own fate;
do we want the springs of courage, genius and virtue to come forth strongly once again;
then we must show the way which leads to that objective:
The implementation of Islam in all fields of individuals’ personal lives, in family and in society, by renewal of the Islamic religious thought and creating a uniform Muslim community from Morocco to Indonesia. …“
… A nation, and an individual, who has accepted Islam is incapable of living and dying for another ideal after that fact. It is unthinkable for a Muslim to sacrifice himself for any tzar or ruler, no matter what his name may be, or for the glory of any nation, party or some such, because acting on the strongest Muslim instinct he recognizes in this a certain type of godlessness and idolatry. A Muslim can die only with the name of Allah on his lips and for the glory of Islam, or he may run away from the battlefield. …“             (page 17)
“… In perspective, there is but one way out in sight: creation and gathering of a new intelligence which thinks and feels along Islamic lines. This intelligence would then raise the flag of the Islamic order and together with the Muslim masses embark into action to implement this order. …” (18)
“… The shortest definition of the Islamic order defines it as a unity of faith and law, upbringing and force, ideals and interests, spiritual community and state, free will andforce. As a synthesis of these components, the Islamic order has two fundamental premises: an Islamic society and Islamic authority. The former is the essence, and the latter the form of an Islamic order. An Islamic society without Islamic power is incomplete and weak; Islamic power without an Islamic society is either a utopia or violence.
A Muslim generally does not exist as an individual. If he wishes to live and survive as a Muslim, he must create an environment, a community, an order. He must change the world or be changed himself. History knows of no true Islamic movement which was not at the same time a political movement as well. This is because Islam is a faith, but also a philosophy, a set of moral codes, an order of things, a style, an atmosphere – in a nutshell, an integral way of life. …”   page 18
Despite the hype in the Western media, Izetbegovic was not fighting to affirm (let alone reaffirm!) some supposed Bosnian nationhood. Rather, he called for:
“…the implementation of Islam in all aspects of individuals’ personal lives, in family and in society, by the renewal of Islamic religious thought, and by creating a uniform Muslim community from Morocco to Indonesia. …”[4]
In other words, the Islamist takeover of Bosnia was intended as a step towards the creation of a unified Muslim world-state.  Quite the opposite of preserving the nonexistent ‘Bosnian nation’! And yet the fiction of a Bosnian nation, threatened by supposed Serb secessionists (the Serbs were in fact the people who didn’t want to secede from Yugoslavia) was sold to ordinary people in the West.
” FOR ALL MUSLIMS THERE IS BUT ONE SOLUTION: TO CONTINUE TO FIGHT, TO STRENGTHEN AND BROADEN IT, FROM DAY TO DAY, FROM YEAR TO YEAR, NO MATTER THE VICTIMS AND NO MATTER THE TIME” ….
pages 53-54
— END —


=== 3 ===

FLASHBACK 2005–2006: 

Il caso Cesur– Ikanovic– Bektasevic

In ordine cronologico inverso:
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TERRORISMO: BOSNIA, RINVIO A GIUDIZIO PER TRE PERSONE

(ANSA) - SARAJEVO, 13 APR - I giudici del tribunale statale bosniaco hanno rinviato a giudizio oggi Mirsad Bektasevic, cittadino svedese originario della Serbia/Montenegro, di 19 anni, il turco Abdulkadir Cesur, 21 anni e il bosniaco Bajro Ikanovic, per reati di terrorismo. Lo ha reso noto un comunicato del Tribunale. I tre sono stati arrestati nell'ottobre dell'anno scorso, secondo la stampa su segnalazione dei servizi di sicurezza svedesi e turchi, perche' progettavano un attentato suicida contro un'ambasciata, non si sa se quella britannica o quella americana, a Sarajevo. Sono seguiti sei arresti in Danimarca, in base alle informazioni delle autorita' bosniache. Sei mesi fa erano stati arrestati altri due bosniaci, Amir Bajric e Hasanovic Senad, oggi rinviati a giudizio per detenzione illegale di armi. Esplosivi di diverso tipo, armi e munizioni e una cintura da adoperare per farsi esplodere, sono stati trovati all'epoca dell'arresto del gruppo nella casa affittata dal Bektasevic. (ANSA). COR-LG
13/04/2006 18:39 

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http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/dr041206.htm

Danish terror case led police to Al-Qa'idah hacker

BBC Monitoring Europe (Political) - April 12, 2006, Wednesday
Source: Danmarks Radio website, Copenhagen, in Danish 0532 gmt 12 Apr 06
Copyright 2006 British Broadcasting Corporation. Posted for Fair Use only.
Text of report by Danish radio website on 12 April; subheadings as published:

The terrorism case in Bosnia against a Danish-Turkish man and a Swedish citizen has yielded a big result for the American authorities.
The arrests led to the exposure of an infamous computer specialist who called himself the Arabic terrorist James Bond or "Irhabi 007."
Terrorist 007 – "Irhabi", which means terrorist in Arabic, has been causing both the British and American intelligence services problems for a couple of years and acted as an Al-Qa'idah warrior on the Internet, for example by hacking into the Arkansas' traffic ministry's Internet site.
From there "Irhabi 007" published everything from decapitations in Iraq to Al-Qa'idah recruitment films and weapons manuals, Newsweek magazine recently revealed. The magazine bases its information on unnamed sources in the American intelligence services.
The Al-Qa'idah hacker is also suspected of training terrorist sympathizers in fighting on the Internet.
Plans for attacking the White House – Two days after the action in the Balkans the British police went into action against three people who are suspected of planning a terrorist attack on the White House.
One of the three people arrested is 22-year-old Younis Tsouli. According to well-informed American intelligence services he later turned out to be the man behind the alias "Irhabi 007", Newsweek reports. The hacker's identity was revealed by chance.
Central sources in the American anti-terrorism authorities are talking of a major catch. It is said that the Arab "Terrorist 007" is an extremely clever computer specialist who has been linked with many Islamic terrorists online, including the Iraqi insurgent groups which are thought to be led by infamous Al-Qa'idah leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.
Al-Zarqawi has taken responsibility for several terrorist bombings in Iraq.
Big fish – Site, a private American organization which monitors Islamic extremists on the Internet, is also talking about a big fish. "Irhabi" is described as an infamous hacker who has been peerless in supplying Islamic extremists on the Internet with knowledge and expertise.
"He played an important role for Islamic extremists on the Internet. He enabled them to communicate, recruit and spread their radical ideology over the Internet. For example, Irhabi published horrific images from the war in Iraq and various weapons manuals on the Internet. He is also an expert in hacking and taught others how to spy on their enemies on the Internet without being detected," the head of Site, Rita Katz, tells Ritzaus [Danish news agency].
The British prosecuting authorities are now preparing a case against Younis Tsouli/Irhabi 007. This covers conspiracy to kill and planning terrorist acts.
According to Newsweek the trial will begin next January and if the Arab James Bond is convicted it will be a long time before he is online again.

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http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/dr041106.htm

DANISH TURK CHARGED WITH TERRORISM IN BOSNIA

BBC Monitoring International Reports - April 11, 2006 Tuesday
Source: Danmarks Radio website, Copenhagen, in Danish 1908 gmt 11 Apr 06
Copyright 2006 Financial Times Information
Copyright 2006 BBC Monitoring/BBC Source: Financial Times Information Limited. Posted for Fair Use only.
Text of report by Danish radio website on 11 April; subheadings as published:

The prosecuting authorities in Bosnia have decided to charge a Danish Turk, a Swede and a Bosnian with terrorism offences. Two others who were accused in the case have been charged with illegal possession of weapons and the possession of dangerous materials.
The court has to decide within a week whether the charges are sufficient for a court case. Court time will then be allocated to the case. If the three terror suspects are found guilty they risk between one and 15 years' imprisonment.
Terrorist attacks in Europe – The investigations in Bosnia have been underway for almost half a year since Danish Turk CA and Swede MB were arrested and imprisoned in Sarajevo on 19 October.
They are suspected of planning a terrorist attack at an unspecified location in Europe. The Bosnian police found 20 kilograms of explosive, body belts for suicide attacks and something resembling a farewell video in association with the arrests.
According to a source in the prosecuting authorities in Sarajevo no further terrorism charges are being prepared but investigations are continuing.
Evidence from Denmark – During the trial the prosecuting authorities will probably use evidence from Denmark. Deputy Chief Constable Finn Ravnborg and Detective-Inspector Sten Skovgaard of the Glostrup Police, who are investigating the Danish part of the case, were in Sarajevo in December, where they met the Bosnian prosecuting authorities to exchange information and evidence.
The Swede's defence solicitor, Idris Kamenica, does not believe the prosecuting authorities have sufficient evidence to convict his client. However, he has not yet seen the prosecuting authorities' material.

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TERRORISMO: BOSNIA, INDAGATI UN TURCO E UNO SVEDESE

(ANSA) - SARAJEVO, 4 NOV - La procura bosniaca ha aperto un'inchiesta per reati di terrorismo e detenzione illegale di armi ed esplosivi a carico di due cittadini stranieri, arrestati in Bosnia il 19 ottobre e in stato di fermo. Lo ha reso noto la procura, riferisce l'agenzia di stampa Fena. Si tratta di Mirsad Bektasevic, cittadino svedese originario della Serbia/Montenegro e del turco Abdulkadir Cesur. L'inchiesta, ha reso noto la procura, viene condotta da un appositamente costituito team di magistrati e si sviluppa positivamente, ma per la delicatezza del caso non e' possibile rivelare per ora altri dettagli. Secondo la stampa, i due sono stati arrestati su segnalazione dei servizi di sicurezza svedesi e turchi, perche' progettavano un attentato suicida contro un'ambasciata, britannica o Usa, a Sarajevo. Insieme a loro era stato fermato anche un bosniaco, poi rilasciato perche' avrebbe solo affittato un appartamento a uno dei due arrestati. Nella casa affittata dal giovane svedese, sempre secondo la stampa, sono stati rinvenuti armi, esplosivi di diverso tipo, munizioni e una cintura da adoperare per farsi esplodere. Sono seguiti sei arresti in Danimarca, in base alle informazioni delle autorita' bosniache. (ANSA). COR
04/11/2005 18:18

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TERRORISMO: BOSNIA, ARRESTATI SVEDESE, TURCO E BOSNIACO

(ANSA) - SARAJEVO, 21 OTT - La polizia di Sarajevo ha reso noto di aver arrestato ieri tre persone, un cittadino svedese, uno turco e un bosniaco, sospettati di aver preparato un attacco terroristico in Bosnia. Per il momento, ha detto il portavoce della polizia Robert Cvrtak, non e' possibile rendere noti altri dettagli nell'interesse delle indagini. Sono state perquisite anche due case nell'area di Sarajevo nelle quali sono state trovate armi, esplosivi e altro materiale militare. Secondo la stampa locale, uno dei tre arrestati e' un diciottenne, gia' 'tenuto d'occhio' in diversi paesi europei, Germania, Svezia, Francia, e che si preparava a compiere un attentato suicida contro l'ambasciata di un paese dell'Unione europea a Sarajevo. Proprio a casa sua sarebbero state trovate armi ed esplosivo. (ANSA) COR
21/10/2005 12:31




Deportati, liberatori e falce e martello fuori da Auschwitz. Lo scempio è compiuto!

Nel  70° anniversario della liberazione di Auschwitz da parte dell’Armata Rossa, il memoriale italiano che ricorda tutti i deportati italiani, l’antifascismo, la resistenza e i liberatori, è stato rimosso dal blocco 21 di Auschwitz per motivi revisionisti e negazionisti e forse sarà ricollocato accanto all’Ipercoop di Firenze.  

Vergogna ai responsabili di questa offesa.
Il 27 gennaio 2016, Giorno della Memoria, tutti con l’Armata Rossa. 

Gherush92 Committee for Human Rights 

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Per questo scempio si ringraziano, in ordine di non-apparizione:
Le istituzioni della Repubblica Italiana
Gli Istituti di Storia della Resistenza e dell'Età Contemporanea
Elie Wiesel
I giornalisti del TG1, TG2, TG3 e di tutti i quotidiani
Vittorio Sgarbi
I partiti "democratici"
Gianni Pittella e il suo padrino Martin Schulz

Sulla campagna contro lo smantellamento del Memoriale Italiano di Auschwitz si veda:



(deutsch / english / italiano)

Alla ricerca di un ordine mondiale sicuro

Dalla conferenza internazionale: “Yalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Beograd: alla ricerca di un ordine mondiale sicuro", Belgrado, 24–25 Novembre 2015

1) Tensioni e scontri – Conseguenza delle strategie occidentali / Rede auf Tagung des Belgrad-Forums (Živadin Jovanović)
2) PROPOSITIONS of the International Conference held on 24-25 November 2015 in Belgrade, Serbia
3) «Wir sind eine Welt der Gleichen, und wir sollten uns das nicht nehmen lassen» (Anrede von Willy Wimmer)


Leggi-vedi anche / Also to read-see:

“Yalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Belgrade: Searching for a Secure World Order”
The International Conference  held in Belgrade on 24 & 25 November 2015
0) VIDEO (links)
1) Предлози Међународне научно-друштвене конференције „Јалта-Потсдам-Хелсинки-Београд: у потрази за безбедним светским поретком“ (Сава Центар 23-25 новембар 2015)
2) Novo nije zaborav starog (SUBNOR)
3) Yalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Belgrade. How can we build a more secure world order?
4) Živadin Jovanović: INSTABILITY AND CONFLICTS – OUTCOME OF THE STRATEGY OF THE WEST


=== 1 ===

ORIG.: ЗАОШТРАВАЊЕ И СУКОБИ – ПОСЛЕДИЦА СТРАТЕГИЈЕ ЗАПАДА (Сава Центар 23-25 новембар 2015 – Живадин Јовановић)
http://www.beoforum.rs/sve-aktivnosti-beogradskog-foruma-za-svet-ravnopravnih/88-sava-centar-23-25-novembar-2015/765-zaostravanje-i-sukobi-posledica-strategoje-zapada-zivadin-jovanovic-.html
ENGLISH: INSTABILITY AND CONFLICTS – OUTCOME OF THE STRATEGY OF THE WEST (Živadin Jovanović)



Tensioni e scontri – Conseguenza delle strategie occidentali

Intervento di Zivadin Jovanović alla conferenza internazionale “Yalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Beograd: alla ricerca di un ordine mondiale sicuro", Belgrado, 24, 25 Novembre 2015

Settant’anni dopo la conferenza degli alleati a Yalta e Potsdam e quarant’anni dopo l’approvazione della Carta di Helsinki i rapporti internazionali sono entrati in un periodo di profondi cambiamenti. È finito il periodo dei rapporti bipolari e unipolari a livello mondiale. Non è più possibile tornare ai vecchi concetti. L’ordine mondiale sta diventando multipolare.

Il processo di multipolarità non si svolge facilmente ma non si può fermare. Sono particolarmente preoccupanti le aspirazioni di mantenere ad ogni costo, inclusa la forza militare, il dominio e il privilegio, sancire il diritto all’eccezionalità, interventi globali ed espansione militare verso l’est. La politica della forza con la quale l’occidente, con a capo gli USA, tende a mantenere i privilegi ed a controllare le ricchezze del pianeta, ha causato instabilità, conflitti e la distruzione di molti paesi e società. I centri di potenza occidentali che sono portatori di tale politica totalitaria sono responsabili per l’instabilità e le tensioni drammatiche nei rapporti a livello globale che possono portare conseguenze catastrofiche per l’umanità.

Le prime vittime di tale politica nel passato recente sono state due Jugoslavie – l’una sfasciata, causando guerre civili all’inizio degli anni ’90 di secolo scorso e l’altra distrutta durante l’aggressione illegale della NATO nel 1999. Così i Balcani sono diventati una zona di prolungata instabilità. Con la revisione della storia “in vivo” sotto il patrocinio dell’occidente, sono stati creati alcuni staterelli che difficilmente possono svilupparsi autonomamente ed essere indipendenti. La creazione forzata di frontiere nuove violando i principi fondamentali della Carta di Helsinki è ancora nel corso. La prova è l’usurpazione della regione del Kosovo e Metohija e il rilancio dei piani per creare la cosiddetta Grande Albania. La vittima più grande della strategia distruttiva degli USA e dell’occidente nei Balcani è il popolo serbo sottomesso al controllo di regimi servili. Paradossalmente, la frammentazione della nazione serba da una parte e in parallelo la creazione di altre nazioni d’altra parte, è interpretata dall’occidente come un contributo alla pace e stabilità e rispetto degli standard europei e democratici! 

La questione nazionale serba non è solo sollevata ma anche peggiorata con la frammentazione e mancanza dei diritti. È difficile che questa situazione creata con la forza sia nell’interesse

di pace e stabilità. Si tratta chiaramente delle aspirazioni geopolitiche, degli interessi imperialistici e di nient’altro.

Che sia così viene confermato da frammentazioni analoghe di una serie di altri paesi sovrani e delle nazioni in varie parti del mondo. I potenti centri occidentali, in ogni caso non rinunceranno alla strategia di “ricostruzione territoriale” dei paesi sovrani con attacchi armati, “rivoluzioni colorate” ed altri metodi inammissibili – in Sud America, Africa e Asia. Al separatismo in Europa basta come incoraggiamento anche solo l’approvazione di secessione unilaterale di Kosovo e Metohija. 

La politica di dominio, espansione militare e interventi al livello globale in flagrante violazione del diritto internazionale ha portato alla mancanza di fiducia, a divisioni, ad una retorica da guerra fredda. L’Europa è coperta da una rete di basi militari straniere, dalle forze per interventi immediati, dagli “schermi antimissili”, dalle pattuglie aeree dal Baltico fino all’Anatolia. Oggi in Europa ci sono più basi militari straniere, bombardieri e bombe nucleari che nel periodo di massima tensione della guerra fredda. Ci chiediamo: perchè tutto questo?

È l’ultimo momento utile per fermare queste tendenze pericolose e quasi drammatico aumento delle tensioni che sempre di più compromettono sicurezza, pace, convivenza e rapporti normali. Invitiamo al dialogo e partneriato nella risoluzione di tutti i problemi prima che si perda il controllo dei rapporti drammatici. Il comportamento autoritario nel palcoscenico internazionale, l’espansione militare e i doppi standard devono essere sostituiti dal rispetto reciproco, dal dialogo e dai compromessi. Buonsenso, responsabilità politica e disponibilità ai compromessi sono necessari più che mai.

Una Serbia e una Belgrado militarmente neutrali sono il sito giusto per promozione del dialogo democratico e dei pari diritti sugli argomenti più importanti di sicurezza e collaborazione. Belgrado è stata vittima di aggressioni, occupazioni e terribili distruzioni più spesso di altre capitali d’Europa. Tale fatto rappresenta il suo diritto morale e l’impegno ad essere promotore del dialogo, comprensione e ricostruzione di fiducia. D’altra parte, a Belgrado è nato il movimento dei paesi non allineati, il gruppo più numeroso dopo le Nazioni Unite a favore della libertà dei paesi sotto colonialismo, della democrazia nelle Nazioni Unite e della codificazione di diritto internazionale.

Belgrado è stata a capofila dei paesi neutrali e non allineati d’Europa – Cipro, Malta, SFRJ, Austria, Finlandia, Svezia, Svizzera – che sono stati promotori della Carta di Helsinki. Questa Carta basata sugli accordi ottenuti a Yalta e Potsdam, sui risultati della II guerra mondiale e sulla Carta delle Nazioni Unite rappresenta il risultato storico e la strada per le iniziative nuove per garantire un’uguale sicurezza a tutti i paesi, aldilà della superficie, del numero di cittadini e della forza economica o militare. Per il suo contributo al processo di sicurezza e ai rapporti di collaborazione Belgrado è stata ricambiata con la scelta di ospitare nel 1977 la prima Conferenza dell’OSCE dopo Helsinki.

La sicurezza e la stabilità in Europa sono legate alla sicurezza e stabilità nelle regioni limitrofe, nel Mediterraneo e nel mondo. Perciò la sicurezza e la stabilità permanente in Europa non possono essere garantite se non sono collegate con sicurezza e stabilità nel Medio Oriente, Asia, Nord Africa (Magreb) e in generale in tutta Africa. 

La fine della guerra in Siria ha estrema importanza non solo per i popoli della regione ma anche per l’Europa. Contemporaneamente, sono necessarie iniziative per la ricostruzione degli stati distrutti come Afganistan, Irak, Yemen, Somalia, Libia ed altri. L’Europa come gli altri paesi ricchi del mondo dovrebbero sostenere ricostruzione economica e sociale di questi paesi. Se non l’unica, ciò è una condizione molto importante per fermare immigrazioni di profughi di guerra oppure causate dalla povertà che pesa sull’Europa, particolarmente sull’Unione Europea che ha serie difficoltà anche senza queste immigrazioni.

Dopo tutti gli eventi tragici e le missioni di pace dell’OSCE e dell’ONU dall’inizio degli anni ’90 del secolo scorso fino ad oggi, non si sono normalizzati tutti i rapporti nei Balcani nè abbiamo stabilità. Secondo noi, il motivo principale è che i Balcani, nonostante siano la culla della civiltà e della democrazia europea, non sono stati mai in realtà una parte integrante d’Europa, con pari diritti. È l’ultimo momento utile per cambiare la posizione tradizionale e discriminatoria dei centri potenti occidentali sui Balcani come l’intestino cieco, deposito di tecnologie arretrate o di un territorio per tragici giochi geopolitici e sperimentazioni.

Tenendo presente il sito dove viene tenuta la nostra Conferenza e lo sviluppo preoccupante nei Balcani (frequenti attacchi terroristici, instabilità in Macedonia, Montenegro, ricatti sempre più forti dell’Occidente verso la Serbia, le pressioni per le revisioni dell’Accordo di Deyton e per l’unificazione in Bosnia Erzegovina), noi avvertiamo e invitiamo i responsabili a cessare la politica del diktat e del ricatto, a non peggiorare la situazione e a non accendere le tensioni. È molto importante appoggiare il rispetto dell’Accordo di Deyton sulla pace in Bosnia Erzegovina come pure quello della Risoluzione del Consiglio di sicurezza 1244 (1999), sullo status della regione Kosovo Metohija e dei documenti internazionali legali.

I profughi e gli immigrati sono una conseguenza degli scontri politici e militari, delle dottrine non accettabili, dei saccheggi coloniali per secoli, dell’avidità e di futuro senza certezza. Questo problema non può essere risolto costruendo recinti o mura, con le pattuglie di polizia o militari oppure con enormi centri collettivi e tanto meno facendo riferimento a Dublino o a cosiddetti accordi di riammissione.

Il presupposto immancabile per ottenere successo nella lotta contro i terroristi è fermare ogni tipo di appoggio diretto o nascosto al cosiddetto Stato islamico, fermare finanziamento, formazione e armamento delle organizzazioni dei terroristi.

Tenere una posizione uguale verso il terrorismo e i terroristi, senza distinzioni tra i “nostri” ed i “loro”, è altresì un presupposto per il successo nella lotta.

Lo sviluppo sociale ed economico dei paesi di origine del terrorismo e dell’emigrazione, inclusi i piani per la ricostruzione, formazione e occupazione dei giovani deve altresì diventare parte integrante di una strategia globale della comunità internazionale nella lotta contro il terrorismo.

Non è il momento giusto per organizzare una Conferenza al livello mondiale sulla lotta contro il terrorismo con l’obiettivo di mettere in atto l’organizzazione e portare a termine l’adozione di un Documento internazionale sotto il patrocinio dell’ONU sulla lotta contro il terrorismo?

Da Helsinki 1975 fino a Belgrado 2015 sono successi grossi cambiamenti nei rapporti globali. Quando è stata fondata, l’OSCE aveva 35 membri, oggi ce ne sono 57. In 40 anni l’OSCE ha avuto esperienze positive ma anche numerose negative. All’inizio degli anni ’90 l’OSCE ha violato il sistema del consenso e per quanto riguarda la Yugoslavia ha emesso u a decisione pericolosa “ad hoc” senza precedenti secondo il modello del “consenso meno uno”. Alla fine del 1998 e agli inizi del 1999 l’OSCE si è lasciata manipolare durante la Missione per la verifica nel Kosovo. Invece di costituire una Missione civile per la verifica dell’attuazione dell’accordo del 13 ottobre 1998, tale Missione di 1300 persone era in primis costituita dalle persone del servizio d’informazione dell’esercito e della polizia, che hanno appoggiato la ricostruzione e l’abilitazione dell’organizzazione terroristica UCK, messa in rotta durante le operazioni antiterroristiche delle forze di sicurezza serbe. Questa Missione aveva come rappresentante l’americano Wolker, che ha preparato l’aggressione della NATO, pianificata molto prima della Missione stessa. Durante l’aggressione, l’aviazione NATO ha usato l’UCK come alleato di terra.

Oggi l’OSCE fronteggia nuove sfide. Ci sono dei motivi per riflettere seriamente sulla Carta dell’OSCE in cui sarebbero elaborati gli obiettivi, organizzazione e metodi di lavoro e adeguati alle esperienze acquisite, ai cambiamenti riscontrati e alle nuove sfide.

La sicurezza non è privilegio dei potenti e grandi nè dei membri dei club esclusivi, ma un pari diritto di tutti i popoli e stati, aldilà del loro territorio o della loro forza militare o economica. Perciò i nostri sforzi devono essere indirizzati verso la costruzione e il miglioramento del sistema che potrà garantire uguale sicurezza a tutti gli stati e popoli.

 

Traduzione di Rajka V. Per Forum Belgrado Italia


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Rede von Zivadin Jovanovic auf Tagung des Belgrad-Forums

Am 24. und 25. November fand in der Hauptstadt Serbiens eine Tagung des »Belgrad-Forums« unter dem Titel »Jalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Belgrad: Auf der Suche nach einer Sicherheitsordnung« statt. Der Präsident des Forums, Zivadin Jovanovic, hielt eine Rede zum Thema »Instabilität und Konflikte – das Resultat der Strategie des Westens«, die jetzt auf deutsch vorliegt. Ein Auszug:

Siebzig Jahre nach den Konferenzen der Alliierten in Jalta und Potsdam, und 40 Jahre nachdem die Schlussakte von Helsinki angenommen wurde, sind die internationalen Beziehungen in eine Periode tiefgreifender Veränderungen eingetreten. Die Zeitalter bipolarer und unipolarer Weltordnung sind vorüber. Eine Wiederherstellung der alten Methoden und Konzepte ist nicht mehr möglich. Die Weltordnung entwickelt sich unwiderruflich zu einer multipolaren hin. (…) Der Prozess der Multipolarisierung verläuft nicht glatt. Besonders beunruhigend sind Tendenzen, die darauf abzielen, Vorherrschaft und Privilegien gewisser Länder zu erhalten, die das von ihnen beanspruchte Recht auf eine Ausnahmestellung, auf globalen Interventionismus und militärische Expansion Richtung Osten mit allen Mitteln, auch mit militärischer Gewalt, legitimieren wollen. Das Ergebnis einer solchen Politik der Gewalt, wie sie der von den USA beherrschte Westen anwendet, wenn es darum geht, diese Privilegien beizubehalten und den Reichtum unseres Planeten zu kontrollieren, bedeuten Destabilisierung, Konflikte, und die Verwüstung vieler Staaten und Gesellschaften. Die Verfechter einer solchen totalitären Politik tragen die Verantwortung für die Destabilisierung und die dramatische Eskalation, durch die der Menschheit eine Katastrophe droht.

Erste Opfer dieser Politik waren in jüngster Zeit die zwei Jugoslawien – einmal, als das Land Anfang der 1990er Jahre durch aufgezwungene Bürgerkriege zerrissen wurde, und zum zweiten, als es durch die illegale Aggression der NATO im Jahre 1999 verwüstet wurde. Damit wurde der Balkan zu einer Zone anhaltender Instabilität. Der vom Westen geförderte Prozess eines Umschreibens der Geschichte »in vivo« (»im lebenden Organismus«, jW) brachte mehrere Kleinstaaten hervor, die kaum eine Chance auf autonome Entwicklung und Unabhängigkeit haben. Und es hat den Anschein, als ob die gewaltsame Festlegung neuer Grenzen unter Verletzung der Grundprinzipien des Helsinki-Dokuments noch nicht zu Ende ist. (…) Die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Probleme nehmen rasch zu, die Arbeitslosigkeit bei Jugendlichen erreicht dramatische Größenordnungen.

Diese Einschätzung wird gestützt durch das Zerschlagen einer Reihe anderer souveräner Staaten und Nationen in der ganzen Welt auf ähnliche Weise. Offensichtlich verzichten die westlichen Machtzentren nicht auf ihre Strategie einer »territorialen Neuordnung« souveräner Staaten durch bewaffnete Überfälle, »Farb-Revolutionen« und andere unerlaubte Methoden, wie sie in Südamerika, Afrika und Asien angewandt werden. Das liberale Kapitalismussystem produziert Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrisen, Armut, Elend. Das hat zu einer Wirtschaftsmigration noch nie dagewesenen Ausmaßes geführt. Gleichzeitig treiben Aggressionen und bewaffnete Konflikte Millionen aus ihrer Heimat ins Exil.

***

Source: http://www.jungewelt.de/2015/12-12/039.php


=== 2 ===



The participants of the International Science and Public Conference Yalta – Potsdam – Helsinki – Belgrade: In Search for Secure World Order dedicated to the historic agreements and pressing issues of security and cooperation in Europe, which has brought together representatives of many states around Europe, Asia and America, following the results of a widespread public dialog and opinion interchange that took place during the year of the 70th anniversary of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences and the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, consider it necessary to declare:

The issues of security and cooperation in Europe and in the whole world have been a long established subject matter of interstate agreements and inter-country collaboration. At the same time, we believe that the current state of affairs makes a true progress and continuous headway movement impossible without the support of the public opinion and involvement of non-governmental initiatives in the development of the system of security and cooperation in Europe, based on mutual trust.

This has become ever more evident after Turkish military air force shot down the Russian fighter jet conducting a flight as part of the anti-terrorist operation in Syria and Iraq, which may lead to tragic consequences for peace in the whole world. The Conference also underscores that without Russia’s participation it is impossible to resolve the Syrian crisis and counteract international terrorism deeply rooted in many regions around the globe.

We are convinced that the terrorist attacks in Turkey, the explosion of the Russian jet over the Sinai peninsula and mass murders in Paris that claimed hundreds of lives have brutally challenged the global community and demonstrated the necessity of searching for the new approaches, reinforcing and joining the efforts for a coordinated fight against international terrorism and extremism as a global threat to humanity. 

In this respect we consider it necessary to urge the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, other international organizations and the global community in general to consider specific proposals on optimization of activity in the sphere of security and cooperation, strengthening mutual understanding and the search of compromises on the pressing issues. We suppose that the International Science and Public Conference Yalta – Potsdam – Helsinki – Belgrade: In Search for Secure World Order, held in Serbia, a country with a non-aligned status and rich traditions of a European political center of the Nonaligned Movement, may start a meaningful international public dialog on the ways of creating an effective system of security and cooperation in Europe. Therefore we believe that the Final Document of the International Conference may be presented at the OSCE Ministerial Council that will take place on 3-4 December, 2015 in Belgrade.

 

SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE AT THE PRESENT STAGE

 

The Yalta and Potsdam Conferences and the signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the anniversaries of which are celebrated this year, have become the most important events in the contemporary history and in many respects have laid the foundation for the modern system of security in Europe and in the world in general. This system somehow successfully functioned in the post-war period and has become a significant heritage of the overall results of WWII, and came as the result of immense losses, suffered by the peoples during the years of the world’s latest global conflict. 

However the current stage of international relations in Europe and the world is characterized by a growing danger of acute conflicts, absence of effective global and regional safety practices and major turmoil prevention mechanisms.

Today’s world is facing increasing risks and threats to its security and stability. A special concern is that the existing framework of foreign relations in Europe is experiencing a crisis of mutual trust. 

Breach of the main principles of the international law, including the UN Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, unfortunately, has become a norm. Here in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia where this Conference takes place, we should not forget that Yugoslavia was the first victim of the direct violation of the Helsinki Agreements. In this respect we ask all actors of foreign relations to support the observance of international law and the main principles of foreign relations, to fulfill in good faith all obligations and strengthen credibility of universal international organizations. 

Considering the location of this Conference, we emphasize a vital necessity of supporting peace and security in the Balkans as a constituting part of Europe and of the European system of security, and in this respect, a particular importance of the strict observance of the Dayton Accord, the UN Security Council Resolution №1244 (year 1999) and other international legal documents of obligations. 

Europe and the world in general are witnessing a rapid increase in extremism and terrorism. Indeed security and stability in Europe are inseparable from the stability in the other regions of the world. Therefore the future of the European stability can be perceived and correctly reflected only within the context of stability in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. 

A particular concern is that growing propensity towards conflict in Europe leads to yet another exceptionally dangerous trend – the trend of world fragmentation, drawing of new dividing lines, also in Europe. In this respect, one should acknowledge the fact that resolving the pressing issues of security and safety, laying the foundations of the system of collaboration in the European space in the XXI century, will have to take place against the background of acute social and economic problems, unprecedented migration, growing military escalation, and multiple relapses to block thinking. Security is not a privilege; it is an equal right of all peoples and states. Therefore our efforts should be aimed at the development and improvement of the system that will guarantee equal security for everyone. 

We are sure that at present Europe should set a course for creating a truly free space, based on respect of the international law and equality of all people and states, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic or military power. We believe that the main condition for this is to respect and observe the UN Charter, the principles of the Helsinki Final Act, the Charter of Paris, the role of the UN and in particular the role of the UN Security Council, without any exceptions, lawlessness or double standards. 

We suppose that in the XXI century all peoples and states in Europe should enjoy equal possibilities in the sphere of security irrespective of their participation in military, economic and regional organizations. This denotes a necessity of creation of a common area of security and a new level of cooperation and trust among the European countries. 

We see Europe of the XXI century as the area of true partnership, respect of sovereignty and territorial integrity, where there rules the freedom of choice of inner development and foreign policy, without any interference into internal affairs, especially in the sphere of security, elections, constitutional arrangement, privatization and human rights. We support the prevention of any conflicts by way of dialog and strictly political means that would guarantee observation of legal interests of all parties.

 

THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATION OF SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE

 

We strongly believe that the 40th anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act is a good reason for an open public demand for returning the function of the main Common European security organization to the OSCE. 

We think that under the circumstances of the European security crisis the OSCE is to obtain a new chance for constructive implementation of the principles, on which the system of security in Europe was being built for years, the principles worked out following the results of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences of 1945 and based on the outcome of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe of 1975. We are convinced that the OSCE has a potential for a significant input into resolving the migrant crisis in Europe, overcoming the return of block thinking, strengthening trust and helping the recovery from crisis in the area of the European security in general.

In this respect we consider it necessary to: 

1. Assist the adoption of the Charter of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe aimed at securing the independence and objectivity in the work of the OSCE, making the OSCE a fully-featured international organization, as well as providing better accordance of its activity to the goals originally set at its establishment. 
It is necessary to re-confirm the principles on which the system of security in Europe was being built for years, and which were worked out following the results of the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences of 1945 and based on the outcome of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe of 1975. It is important to ascertain that all of the OSCE member-states fully adhere to them without exception.

2. Initiate non-governmental assistance in the work undertaken by the OSCE.

The conference participants also address the OSCE and public interest organizations in the member countries proposing to grant this event the status of an annual public conference on the pressing issues concerning security and cooperation in Europe.

We strongly believe that holding an annual conference in the OSCE presiding country inviting the best experts and public figures in Europe shall facilitate the establishment of a system of non-governmental monitoring of the OSCE activities and a system of public expert assessment of the pressing issues related to security and cooperation in Europe. We think that this proposition will enjoy a broad support of the European society as a timely idea aimed at developing interstate interaction in Europe based on the principles of openness and dialog.

3. From our point of view, the first crucial point towards solving the pressing issues of security and cooperation in Europe shall be the creation of a continuously operating sociopolitical International Expert Center (under the auspices of the annual science and public conference) responsible for:

а) monitoring the OSCE activities in order to provide information on the Organization's work at the annual science and public conference on the issues of security and cooperation in Europe,

б) holding regular closed sessions in the presiding country in order to provide independent experts with a platform for exchange of opinions on the pressing issues of security and cooperation.

 

Creating an International Center designed to become a continuous expert platform for exchange of opinions and broad expert consultations concerning issues of security and cooperation is, in our view, especially relevant whenever there is a deficit of confidence building measures and efficient and permanent information interchange channels.

We, the participants of the International Science and Public Conference «Yalta – Potsdam – Helsinki – Belgrade: In Search for Secure World Order» on the pressing issues of security and cooperation in Europe, are convinced that in the XXI century Europe is facing a difficult process of overcoming animosities and de-escalating the propensity towards conflict, solving multiple economic and social problems, and consequences of open violation of international law. We are positive that through joined effort we will be able to create a truly free space based on the principles of security and cooperation without demarcation lines and «iron curtains» which may become an example for the whole contemporary world to follow.

Participants of the Conference call on the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of Serbia (as the OSCE 2015 presiding country) represented by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dačić to inform the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the OSCE member countries, who shall meet on December 3-4, 2015 in Belgrade, about the International Conference and its conclusions.


=== 3 ===


«Wir sind eine Welt der Gleichen, und wir sollten uns das nicht nehmen lassen»

von Willy Wimmer

Am 24. und 25. November 2015 war die serbische Hauptstadt Belgrad der Treffpunkt einer internationalen wissenschaftlichen Konferenz unter dem Titel «Jalta, Potsdam, Helsinki, Belgrad: Auf der Suche nach einer Sicherheitsordnung». Die Zusammenkunft der Wissenschaftler, Diplomaten, Politiker und Persönlichkeiten des öffentlichen Lebens aus über 20 Ländern Europas und der Welt war dem 70. Jahrestag der Konferenzen von Jalta und Potsdam (1945) gewidmet. Die Veranstalter waren das Belgrade Forum for a World of Equals und zwei russische Organisationen: das Center of National Glory und der Fund of Saint Andrew. Der Text gibt die dortige Rede von Willy Wimmer wieder.

Hochverehrter Herr Staatspräsident,
Herr stellvertretender Ministerpräsident Dacic,
meine Herren Co-Vorsitzenden,
für die serbische Seite, Herr Jovanovic,
für die russische Seite, Herr Jakunin

Es besteht kein Zweifel. Die Welt ist im Umbruch. Es besteht auch kein Zweifel daran, dass der Name der Stadt Belgrad mit diesem Umbruch verbunden ist. Vielleicht ist Belgrad sogar das erste europäische und damit für uns sichtbare Signal für diesen Umbruch. Es war Belgrad, das mitten im Frieden Ziel von Nato-Bomben geworden ist. Belgrad sollte der Schlüssel zur unipolaren Welt sein.
Und heute? Wir treffen uns in Belgrad. Wir müssen uns fragen, ob Belgrad uns Hoffnung oder Antworten auf unsere Fragen gibt? Oder ist unser Treffen in Belgrad nur ein Zwischenschritt auf dem Weg in eine noch grössere Katastrophe für uns in Europa und darüber hinaus?
Fast scheint es so, dass es eine gewisse Art von Hoffnung gibt. Diese Hoffnung, ob wir es wollen oder nicht, ist mit dem Auftreten der Russischen Föderation im syrischen Konflikt verbunden. Ich will aus Zeitgründen nicht auf den Grund eingehen, warum es diesen schrecklichen Bürgerkrieg mit Millionen Opfern gibt. Bevor Syrien als Land vollends ausgelöscht werden konnte, hat die Russische Föderation in Übereinstimmung mit allen geltenden Regeln des Völkerrechtes entschieden, in den Konflikt einzugreifen. Sie hat dies an der Seite der legitimen Regierung getan, und zum ersten Male seit gut vier Jahren scheint der Bürgerkrieg nicht uferlos zu werden. Die Mächte reden miteinander.
Dieses entschlossene russische Vorgehen nach dem Motto «bis hierher und nicht weiter» haben wir bereits nach dem von anderen Kräften unterstützten Putsch in der Ukraine gesehen. Wenn wir nach gut zwei Jahren die damalige Entwicklung in der Ukraine betrachten, hat die Russische Föderation uns alle in Europa und vielleicht sogar darüber hinaus vor dem grossen Krieg bewahrt. Es war offenkundig, dass andere über den Putsch ihre Vorteile in Zusammenhang mit der Krim suchen wollten. Auch und gerade wegen der Rolle der Krim in Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung in Syrien. Wenn dies in Übereinstimmung mit den geltenden Regeln des Völkerrechtes zu einer Volksabstimmung mit anschliessender Aufnahme der Krim in den Staatsverband der Russischen Föderation geführt hat, dann sollte man sich an anderer Stelle fragen, warum man die Ukraine in den Putsch getrieben hat.
Dabei müssen wir Belgrad im Auge behalten und der Russischen Föderation den Erfolg in Syrien wünschen, ohne den es für uns alle sehr dunkel wird. Es hat nicht nur etwas mit den allgemein akzeptierten Regeln des Völkerrechtes zu tun. Die sollten mit dem Krieg gegen die Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien endgültig beseitigt werden. Dabei ist man gezielt gegen die Charta der Vereinten Nationen vorgegangen und wollte sie genau so zerstören, wie man später die chinesische Botschaft in Belgrad vor einer absehbaren Beendigung des Jugoslawien-Krieges gezielt durch einen angeblich «einsamen Bomber» zerstört hat.
Das war nicht irgendein Ereignis. Mit den Bomben auf eine friedliche Stadt sollte von der Charta der Vereinten Nationen über die Schlussakte von Helsinki bis hin zu dem Wiener Übereinkommen für diplomatische Verhandlungen alles das zerstört werden, was es uns möglich gemacht hat, das Ende des Kalten Krieges und – ich sage das als Deutscher – das Ende der Teilung unseres Landes zu erreichen. Wir haben zu keinem Zeitpunkt in unserer europäischen Geschichte über derart viele völkerrechtlich allgemein akzeptierte Regeln verfügt, um mit kleinen und grösseren Schwierigkeiten fertig zu werden. Weg damit, das war das Motto aus Übersee.
Wenn wir 1990 an das «gemeinsame Haus Europa» denken konnten und der Ansicht waren, der Krieg werde uns auf Dauer erspart, dann währte diese Hoffnung nicht lange. Der Krieg wurde wieder mit dem Angriff auf einen Gründungsstaat der Vereinten Nationen und Pfeiler der Helsinki-Bewegung eine bittere Realität. Wenn es Francois Hollande, Wladimir Putin und Angela Merkel in Zusammenhang mit Minsk II nicht gegeben hätte, dann hätten wir vermutlich schon den grossen Krieg. Die Botschaft ist eindeutig. Nur der Respekt vor den geltenden Regeln des Völkerrechtes und die friedliche Konfliktbeilegung sichern uns unser Überleben und unseren Kindern eine Zukunft.
Diese Konferenz hier schlägt einen grossen Bogen und geht bis auf Jalta zurück. Da ist man natürlich versucht, tiefer zu bohren, und dann kommen Orte mit Jahreszahlen dazu, die früher liegen, 1914 oder 1919. Aber auch das scheint keine Lösung zu sein. Wir müssen an das Jahr 1871 und die Gründung des Deutschen Reiches denken. Wir haben es alle in diesem Frühjahr gehört. Seit diesem Zeitpunkt war es angeblich das Ziel amerikanischer ­Politik, eine gedeihliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen Russland und Deutschland zu hintertreiben. Wir sind alle gut beraten, an das Ende der napoleonischen Kriege zu denken. Nach den mörderischen Entwicklungen im Dreissigjährigen Krieg und den Kriegszügen Napoleons in Europa sollte derartiges nicht mehr vorkommen. Dafür gab es die Idee des russischen Zaren Alexander und des österreichischen Kanzlers Metternich, friedliche Konfliktlösung auf der Basis einer «Heiligen Allianz» zu betreiben. Es war ein frühes Helsinki. Ich werde natürlich nicht vergessen, was man mir im Weissen Haus 1988 sagte: dass selbst der militärische Aufbau der Sowjetunion in Eu­ropa nichts anderes sei als das Bemühen dieses Landes, die Konsequenzen aus dem Vorgehen von Napoleon bis Hitler zu ziehen.
Was hindert uns eigentlich, unsere Länder zu lieben und gleichzeitig unsere Nachbarn zu achten? Belgrad sagt es doch mit dem Motto des Belgrader Forums: Wir sind eine Welt der Gleichen, und wir sollten uns das nicht nehmen lassen.






Jasna Tkalec

Fantom slobode

Novi Sad: Mediterran Publishing, 2015

Format:20,5x14 cm
Obim:149 str.
Povez: meki
Cena: 800 dinara

Građansko društvo u svojim najrazvijenijim oblicima nije rešilo problem slobode, kao ni problem društvene ravnopravnosti. Iako je upravo sloboda jedna od njegovih temeljnih pretpostavki i jedan od najvećih postulata Francuske revolucije 1789. sa parolom „Sloboda, jednakost, bratstvo!“ – ni posle 220 godina opstanka i bitisanja tog društva problem slobode nije ništa više rešen no ostala dva elementa slogana velikog antifeudalnog pokreta građanske klase. Parole i ciljevi revolucija su jedno, a njihova ostvarenja, kao i sama mogućnost realizacije – kako proizlazi iz dalje i bliže prošlosti – sasvim su drugi par rukava… Šta je pak sa slobodom, koja je apstraktnija, a za koju društvo – legitimišući se i izvlačeći svoju legitimnost na bazi demokratije (slobodne volje građana izražene na izborima opštim pravom glasa) – tvrdi da je u potpunosti ostvaruje?
 
Jasna Tkalec (Zagreb 1941), završila je Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu (romanistika i klasična filologija), te se usavršavala na Univerzitetu u Firenci. Radila je kao profesor na XVI gimnaziji u Zagrebu (1966/74) i kao lektor na Univerzitetu u Trstu. Sekretar je Odbora za kulturu Socijalističkog Saveza RH od 1976. Godine 1984. boravila je u Rimu kao stipendista Instituta Gramši, a 1986/1987. radila u Parizu. Prevodila je knjige iz područja političke teorije (Prudon) i umetnosti. Objavljivala je u časopisima: Naše teme, Žena, Dometi, Delo, Kulturni radnik, Pitanja i Oko, baveći se društvenenom teorijom, posebno Gramšijem i feminističkom kritikom. Nakon raspada zemlje radi kao slobodna novinarka za Novi forum, Nokat, Hrvatsku ljevicu (među čijim je osnivačima), Novosti, te za italijanske listove il Manifesto, Liberazione i Avvenimenti. Devedesetih godina zbog članaka u kojima je oštro kritikovala režim u Hrvatskoj osuđena je na tri meseca zatvora. Živela je u Bologni i Rimu 1991/93, od kada je, sve do 2000, bila stalni saradnik časopisa Balcanica (Rim). Član je redakcije časopisa Novi Plamen.


Poznati lm Luja Bunjuela iz 1974. godine, koji pokazuje paradoks slobo- de u buržoaskom društvu. Ljudi se pozivaju na zajedničko druženje pri iz- bacivanju, a ne pri uzimanju hrane. U drugoj sceni nepoznati strelac s vrha nebodera preciznom puškom ubija prolaznike. Nažalost, apsurd savremene zbilje pokazao se realnijim od nadrealističke imaginacije lmskog autora. J.T. „Novi Plamen“, br. 15, Zagreb, 2011.

Sadržaj: 

Sloboda i sužnji 9
Frojd i lozo ruskog simbolizma. Pitanje polnosti i pitanje slobode 17
Revolucionari duha. Može li se uvećati duhovni horizont? 23
„Ljudi mesečeve svetlosti“ 32 
Sloboda žudnje 37 
Sloboda spoznaje 42 
Teritorija slobode 48
Sloboda ljubavi – sloboda smrti: Panagulis 55 
Sloboda izbora – sloboda smrti 58 
Sloboda i demokratija 65 
Sloboda i žene 70 
Sloboda stvaralaštva 79 
Sloboda izražavanja 85 
Kastrirano stvaralaštvo 92 
Sloboda i društveni mehanizmi 101
Nesloboda u slobodi 108 
Sloboda u sputanosti 116 
Sloboda i građanska društva 121 
Individualne slobode i umetnička sloboda 130 
Od trubadura do veb-generacije i do kulture neotribalista 136 
Proba orkestra i simfonija slobode 144



NOVA KNJIGA: FANTOM SLOBODE


29.10.2015.

„Gresi istorije su kao dugoročne menice: njihovo se plaćanje proteže na budućnost i puno je nemilih iznenađenja.“ O tome piše Jasna Tkalec u knjizi Fantom slobode navodeći mnoge primere, a deo objavljuje korzoportal.

 

Sloboda i građanska društva
ideje, koje je, uprkos kraljevskih kruna i imperatorskih titula, uprkos plemićkih naslova i prestola razdeljenih rođacima i prijateljima kao karamele, uprkos nepravičnih ratova i masakra do kojih je dolazilo zbog Napoleonove pohlepe i megalomanije, ipak on, paradoksalno, raširio i ugradio, upravo te nove ideje, u duše čak i vlastitih žrtava. Ideje slobode i napretka. Revolucionarne principe i koncepte jedinstva i nezavisnosti...
(Oriana Falači, Šešir pun trešanja)
Građansko društvo, ili kako ga još nazivaju kapitalizam, predstavlja se javnosti sveta – a tim je započelo i svoju karijeru u istoriji – kao bastion ljudskih prava, garant bogatstva razlika, zaštitnik i borac za neograničenu individualnu slobodu. Sve te slobode zajamčene su zakonima i ustavom zemlje, koji im je prirodan temelj i okvir. I tu je reč o pravima, koja se na sasvim drugi način realizuju u stvarnom životu. Građansko se društvo u svakoj prilici poziva na demokratiju i njegovi pobornici smatraju ga utvrđenjem slobode. U nekim razdobljima, ne samo u odnosu na feudalna društva i privilegije aristokratije, građansko je društvo to zaista i bilo. Do poraza Napoleona 1815. kod Vaterloa, s Bonapartinim pobedama to je društvo nosilo i pobede nad feudalnim tradicijama, mrskim privilegijama aristokratije, nad njenom nadutošću i takozvanim „urođenim pravima“, koja su bila nasledna i uopšte nisu vodila računa o kvalitetu ličnosti niti o njenom vladanju. Dok je građanstvo radilo i gomilalo dobra proizvodnjom i trgovinom, a kmetovi robovali, aristokratija je plesala, lovila, izmišljala zabave i dokolice, negovala vlastitu prefinjenost i raskoš, kulturu i umetnost, ali i razvrat, zasnivajući vlastitu moć na tuđem znoju i teškom dirinčenju, istovremeno duboko prezirući sve ostale društvene staleže.
Napoleon je, sledeći prosvetiteljsko geslo o pravednoj nagradi prema zaslugama, tvrdio kako se maršalska palica nalazi u rancu svakog vojnika. Oficiri Napoleonove vojske napredovali su u karijeri svojom hrabrošću i sposobnošću na bojnom polju, a ne zbog plemićke titule porodice, stečene rođenjem, koja im je omogućavala ulazak u prestižna vojna učilišta. Murat, Napoleonov oficir, dogurao je ne samo do maršala, već ga je Napoleon proglasio i vicekraljem Italije, a titulu kralja dodelio svom maloletnom sinu, Napoleonu II – Orliću[1], kojeg je dobio sa austrougarskom princezom Marijom Lujzom. Bio je to neslućeni uspon građanskog društva i bogate buržoazije, koja je oponašala sjaj aristokratije u vreme Carstva, uzlet kakav Evropa nikad pre nije doživela. Pogazivši Republiku proizišlu iz Revolucije, iako ga je Konvent poslao da za nju ratuje, Napoleon je oslobodio Evropu stegnutu uzdama feudalizma i silom oružja u evropske zemlje unosio tekovine revolucionarne 1789. godine. Opijen ratnom slavom i uspesima, prezreo je narodnu skupštinu, proglasio se prvo konzulom a zatim imperatorom, oterao u mladim danima voljenu suprugu Žozefinu i oženio se kćerkom habzburškog cara. Ali mu ovo orođavanje s evropskim plemstvom i majmunisanje aristokratskih titula nije donelo sreće, kao ni pohod na Rusiju, nespremnu da skine feudalne lance. Ona je u Napoleonovoj najezdi videla samo stranu okupaciju, pa je slavna Grande Armée propala na povratku kući na ruskoj zimi, gonjena i uništavana od odreda ruske vojske i ruskih partizana poraženih u bitkama. Napoleon se našao sam, prognan na ostrvo Elbu i nakon bega odatle u Pariz i poslednjeg pokušaja od 100 dana vladavine, doživeo je definitivni poraz, a Evropu je zapljusnula Restauracija, utvrđena Bečkim kongresom 1815.
Nadarenog Murata streljali su u Napulju Burboni, ostrvljeni naročito na revolucionare i na sve napredno. Ova dinastija, došavši u Napulj preko španske krune, zapatila je u tom gradu tako ogromno rasprostranjenu i zaostalu sirotinju, čuvene lazarone, čije je preživljavanje zavisilo o milosti kralja i klera, da je baš ta sirotinja u samo nekoliko godina dva puta usrdno pomogla burbonskoj dinastiji da u krvi uguši dva revolucionarna pokušaja i samu sebe izruči nasleđenoj nečuvenoj fizičkoj i duhovnoj bedi, koja će praviti goleme probleme budućim pokolenjima, kao i svima onima što će se brinuti za taj grad, pokrajinu i zemlju. Gresi istorije su kao dugoročne menice: njihovo se plaćanje proteže na budućnost i puno je nemilih iznenađenja.
U odnosu na prilike u Napulju, Španiji, carskoj Rusiji (pa i samoj Francuskoj, kolevci građanske revolucije, nakon pada Napoleona Bonaparte), građanska prava i demokratske slobode, kasnije garantovane pravom glasa, za koje se tek krajem 19. veka postiglo obuhvatanje masa[2], u odnosu na pređašnje stanje, značile su ogroman korak napred. Napoleonov zakon bio je umnogome uzor napretka, ne samo po unutrašnjoj veoma spretnoj organizaciji države već i po dotad nezamislivim slobodama, koje je garantovao ljudima, ukidajući privilegije rođenja, uvodeći slobodu veroispovesti, izjednačujući Jevreje sa nejevrejskim stanovništvom i nezakonitu decu sa zakonitom. Formalno – svi građani postali su jednaki pred zakonom. U imovinska prava nije dirano i privatno vlasništvo štitio je zakon. Dolaskom Restauracije i Bečkim kongresom 1815. ponovo je zakoračeno unatrag, i mada su se vratili aristokrate-emigranti, mnoga od stečenih prava građana bilo je nemoguće dokinuti. Uostalom, u Parizu je građanstvo izlazilo na barikade i velikodušno ginulo gotovo svake prestupne godine. Ipak se, sve do sloma Luja Napoleona i uspostavljanja Treće Republike nakon Sedana, nije moglo govoriti o konačnoj pobedi revolucionarnih načela iz 1789. godine. Ta su načela pobedila bezmalo sto godina kasnije: 1870!
Mnoge od građanskih sloboda, koje se danas smatraju prirodnim, nije bilo lako ni izboriti ni ostvariti. U Italiji je razvod braka uveden tek 1970. godine, a potvrđen referendumom 1974. Priznavanje nezakonite dece i njihovih zakonskih prava nasleđivanja, izjednačenih sa zakonitim potomcima, omogućeno je bez pogovora tek nedavnim pronalaskom DNK analize! Pravo na život, osnovno od svih ljudskih prava, zavisilo je od ostvarivanja prava na dostojnu nadnicu i na lečenje, a sva su ona, nakon mukotrpne borbe u prvoj polovini 19. veka, ne bez daljnjih teškoća, bila uvođena kroz celu drugu polovinu tog stoleća. Svakako da je pravo na život podrazumevalo i zabranu izvršenja smrtne kazne nad krivcima, bez obzira na težinu zločina. Taj je koncept teško krčio sebi put i konačno pobedio u Evropi i u SAD-u. U većini država SAD-a je postojao ranije no u Evropi, ali je kasnije ukinut zbog raširenosti kriminala. Kako dokazuju sve statistike, smrtna kazna nimalo ne utiče na smanjenje broja teških kriminalnih radnji, dok celo društvo pretvara u kolektivnog ubicu. I borba za humanizaciju društva i ublažavanje izdržavanja zatvorskih kazni trijumfovala je u Evropi tek u drugoj polovini 20. veka. Zaštita manjina, ne samo etničkih, domet je civilizacije tek u poslednjim desetlećima minulog veka. Progoni religijskih, etničkih, polnih, jezičkih ili zdravstvenih manjina postojali su u Evropi sve donedavno i ukidanje tlačenja, ponižavanja, maltretiranja, segregacija, zabrana, kazni ili prisilnog lečenja predstavlja skorašnje domete i stvar je još uveliko nezaživljenih civilizacijskih dostignuća u pravima. Ove domete sloboda danas u većini zapadnih zemalja, bar formalno, garantuju zakoni.

[1] Napoleon II (1811–1822), sin Napoleona I, koga su u Beču, gradu njegove majke, zvali Franc (François), bio je francuski car samo dva dana, kada ga je sam Napoleon proglasio naslednikom, nakon Vaterloa, u dvorcu Bloa, a potom je otišao u izgnanstvo na ostrvce Sv. Helenu. L’Aiglon („Orlić“) živeo je s majkom prvo u Rambujeu, a kasnije na bečkom dvoru. Za revolucionarnih dana u Parizu 1830. godine narod se pozivao na Orlića. Napoleon II, mladić čudesne lepote, umire u Šonbrunu u dvadeset i prvoj godini života, navodno od tuberkuloze.
[2] U većini zemalja žene su dobile pravo glasa tek 1945, a u Švajcarskoj tek 1971. godine!

Jasna Tkalec: Fantom slobode, Mediterran Publishing, 2015.